Abstract. Are You Environmentally Conscious Do You Believe

Abstract Are you environmentally conscious? Do you believe that the planet and the creatures dwelling on it should be treated with respect? If so, there is a way to effectively stand up to the industry that is causing some of the most ecological abuse in our world today. After taking AP Environmental science this year, and studying a variety of sources including a novel, two documentaries, one oral presentation, and a handful of web articles, I have come to the conclusion that factory farming is one of the biggest culprits of environmental degradation today. It is an industry that must be taken down. Some of the reasons that factory farming is so destructive include the following: 1) The practice of running concentrated animal feeding†¦show more content†¦But the writing s on the wall. As much as we have the choice to close our eyes or look the other way, the problems our planet faces are not going to resolve themselves. The signs are already apparent. The atmosphere is warming at a rate never before seen in the history of the earth. The oceans are acidifying. Ice caps are melting. Floods, droughts, hurricanes - they’re killing thousands and damaging entire ecosystems. Ailments including diabetes, asthma and heart disease are occurring in epidemic proportions - and affecting people decades younger than they have in the past. And this is only the beginning. Why is this happening? We hear all the time to take shorter showers, drive less, and turn off the lights when we leave the room. While these are all great practices, there is an even greater threat to the environment than even the largest of SUVs, and the longest of showers. Something that is causing so much deforestation, it makes the paper we recycle seem trivial. Something that is very possibly the largest cause of global warming and environmental degradation. And many of us unknowingly endorse it three times every day. Hidden in poor, rural towns, far from the public eye and concealed behind strategic advertising is a concept known as the Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation, or CAFO. These â€Å"operations† are the farms of the modern United States. 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A nice thing would be not to have that ‘lawsuit’ started in the first place and have some kind of negotiation between the two farmers isn’t it? Technically speaking, the GM-farmer should do whatever means so just not to cause his neighbour organic farmer to lose his Organic certification. May be a moved-out and a relocation of his GM-crop to some other gm-agricultural. Why not the organic farmer to relocate? Because GM engineering-farmingRead MoreA1 Jet22241 Words   |  9 Pages2003) 4. Below are recommendations for Company X Tax Services to integrate into its overall strategic plan to enable Company X Tax Services to be environmentally responsible: * Recycle – paper, toner cartridges * All paper gets shredded to avoid identity theft and sent for recycle * Toner cartridges cost $66 each but only about $5 in toner if you refill them in house – nearly 93% savings * Use Energy Star ® rated office machines and lighting * 14% savings on water heating, 12% savings onRead MoreSix Major Tenants of Personality Theory Essay2500 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Six Major Tenants of Personality Theory Karissa Stuart Liberty University Abstract This paper will  review  the six major tenants of personality theory. The first discussed are the foundations of psychology, which are: nature versus nurture, the unconscious, and view of self. Each of these foundations are important to  the development of  a psychologically healthy person. Nature versus nurture is a long time debated concept within psychology that argues whether a  person’s behaviors  areRead MoreEssay Jjt2 Task 12302 Words   |  10 Pages2003) Below are recommendations for Company X Tax Services to integrate into its overall strategic plan to enable Company X Tax Services to be environmentally responsible: * Recycle – paper, toner cartridges * All paper gets shredded to avoid identity theft and sent for recycle * Toner cartridges cost $66 each but only about $5 in toner if you refill them in house – nearly 93% savings * Use Energy Star ® rated office machines and lighting * 14% savings on water heating,Read MoreJjt2 Task 12302 Words   |  10 Pages(Unknown, 2003) Below are recommendations for Company X Tax Services to integrate into its overall strategic plan to enable Company X Tax Services to be environmentally responsible: †¢ Recycle – paper, toner cartridges o All paper gets shredded to avoid identity theft and sent for recycle o Toner cartridges cost $66 each but only about $5 in toner if you refill them in house – nearly 93% savings †¢ Use Energy Star ® rated office machines and lighting o 14% savings on water heating, 12% savings on lightingRead MoreGreen Marketing or Greenwashing: Promoting Environmental Initiatives5757 Words   |  24 PagesSohal Word Count: 4996 words Abstract Since 1940 organisations have had addition pressure from the public to become more ethically aware and take more care of the environment. With this many companies saw an opportunity to exploit this using green marketing tactics to differentiate themselves from other companies with a unique selling point creating a competitive advantage. Some companies truly believed that they should be more environmentally friendly so they set up sustainable practicesRead MoreEssay on Tide Laundry Detergent3693 Words   |  15 PagesAmerican Intercontinental University Unit 4 Individual Project MKTG 205 – Principles of Marketing 8-12-2011 Abstract This paper is a marketing plan for Tide laundry detergent. It will start out introducing Tide giving a brief description of the situation analysis, marketing strategy. It will give an overview of the product and service and strategies to consider. What Tide’s pricing strategy they use and talk about their distribution channels. This paper will give an overview of integrated

Hinduism, Hinduism And Buddhism - 1205 Words

Since the beginning of mankind, which began over 1.3 million years ago humans have been fascinated with life it ‘self and the journeys it has to offer. Unfortunately, mankind also had to come to terms with the idea that along with life follows death, also known as the afterlife. The belief in what one’s mind/body does when they have entered the afterlife has become a controversial subject across many religions. Religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism have provided a multitude of similar and different analysis behind their specific beliefs and practices. Similar to many religions practiced around the world, Hinduism portrays a great amount of belief in worshipping gods that they believe play a special role in their history. Though when speaking of Hinduism, I should mention that it does not consist of a single, dominant religion. It is a broad term for the masses of religious denominations created over the past years throughout the southern region of Asia that have been p racticed continuously by followers. Hinduism, unlike Buddhism, expresses the afterlife as an indefinite cycle included in life, where an individual is reincarnated numerous times through the course of various lifetimes. Though, when approaching the subject of the afterlife it is keen to acknowledge that Vedic Hindus previously relied heavily on sacrificing to align one’s self with the universe, therefore they portrayed no real sense of care for the afterlife. Due to the belief that karma in one’s presentShow MoreRelatedHinduism : Buddhism And Hinduism1045 Words   |  5 PagesSoutheast Asia, particularly India, is the birthplace of many religions. India is where these two religions arose: Buddhism and Hinduism. Hinduism is a very ancient belief system derived from the lifestyle of Southeast Asia. It still has a strong presence in its place of origin and it is characterized as a family of religions. An offspring of Hinduism, Buddhism is also a family of religions, except it has less of a strong presence in its place of birth. Yet, situated to the East area of the worldRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism And Hinduism1641 Words   |  7 PagesSo far we’ve learned about Hinduism and Bu ddhism in India two of the most common religions found in India. One of the many things about learning about different culture is the religion that is come with. Religion is one of the many things that are unique to each and every culture. Religion views are what make a group of individuals come together and form a community. In core 7 we are learning about Hinduism and Buddhism learning about India and their religion views has helped me see the world inRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism And Hinduism1276 Words   |  6 PagesOut of the worlds many beliefs and religions, Buddhism and Hinduism make of about 20% of them (The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050). Hinduism and Buddhism are the most influential and popular in the eastern hemisphere, mostly in and around the Asian continent. These two religions have similar ideologies. So much so that many say that Buddhism is an appendage of Hinduism. Such religions have different religious structures, which a llow broader interpretations toRead MoreBuddhism, Hinduism, And Hinduism1817 Words   |  8 Pagespracticed today. Most of these religions are based off the belief in a god, or have a moral code that they need to follow in order to appease their god or achieve salvation in the afterlife. Three religions that will be highlighted here are Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism. In each of these three religions, they all share some religious tenets, or beliefs, that is universally accepted amongst all religions around the world and throughout history. Some of these tenets include the belief in a god or a SupremeRead MoreBuddhism Vs Hinduism : Hinduism1573 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism vs Hinduism Hinduism and Buddhism are two religions that are very open and tolerant of all people. They are religons that believe in acceptance of all and open-mindedness of other religons. Hinduism is the oldest religion on the planet that has been well established and still has a large following. To put it into perspective if religons were under 100 years old Hinduism would be 80 and Judaism and Christianity would still be in their 20s or 30s. Buddhism is also a long-standing religionRead MoreBuddhism Vs Hinduism : Hinduism1773 Words   |  8 Pages05 Taylor Winchester Professor Warber HST 203 October 24, 2015 Buddhism vs. Hinduism According to the book, The Religion of the Hindus, Hinduism is the third oldest world religion that has approximately 300 million followers, most of which live in India. The holy language of Hinduism is the Sanskrit language. Hinduism is considered a religion versus a philosophy. There is no specific founder for Hinduism; however, it is closely related the customs and manner of Hindus, making it ratherRead MoreBuddhism and Hinduism881 Words   |  3 PagesSome awesome title I make Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the most philosophical religions around the world. Both religions stem from India before the Common Era and hold ranks as being one of the top five main religions around the world, therefore, having similar origins and philosophies. Hinduism places third as an organized religion and is much older than Buddhism. Hinduism and Buddhism have lasted for centuries and today is widely practiced among the world. Hinduism is considered to be monotheisticRead MoreHinduism and Buddhism976 Words   |  4 Pages Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the world’s most influential and greatest religions. Buddhism is a religion based on the teachings of the awakened one (Abrams), and Hinduism is the oldest of the world’s greatest religions (Rice). Both of these religions arose in South Asia, thus they share similar culture and philosophy; however, they also contrast greatly with each other in many other aspects. By comparing the rituals of worship of the two religions it is proven that Hinduism worships variousRead MoreChristianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Hinduism1173 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowing religions are: Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. These religions cover up more than half of world’s people and the reason why people are conforming every day is because each and every one of them has extraordinary stories that’ll take your breath away. As much as I want to talk about the five religions listed earlier, I only want to give you a chance to gain more knowledge on Islam and Buddhism. Islam and Buddhism both have similarities and differences. You’ll know theRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism : Buddhism942 Words   |  4 Pages Hinduism and Buddhism Park University Desmond Hutchinson RE307 â€Æ' Abstract Both Hinduism and Buddhism originated in India a very different world and origin than the other main religions. What is now called Hinduism began in India around 2000 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. Minorities in religion Hinduism and Buddhism are still well known and are growing in its followers from all over the world not just limited to the traditional geographical locations. Hinduism and Buddhism are different

Performance Management Appropriate Recruitment Process

Question: Describe about the Performance Management for Appropriate Recruitment Process. Answer: Introduction: A longitudinal focus of any organization lies in appropriate recruitment process which is based on the appropriate job requirements, measuring the progress of the method used in performance measure and performance evaluation of the employees. The human resource planning has a crucial role in hiring of the employees and selecting the required skill set for a particular job profile. The performance outcome is the mechanism to interpret the various goals and benefit services provided to the clients of an organization. Performance outcomes act as a basic requirement of what needs to be measured and collection of data specific to the questions which needs to be answered. The job requirement process also plays a vital role in performance evaluation of the existing employees. It acts a career development process and is carried out on regular basis in order to review the performance within an organization. (Morrow et al. 2015) Job requirement objective The determination of the job objectives for recruitment facilitates the implementation of most appropriate business strategy. The selection of right personnel for the job is based on the screening process. It is a time consuming process of sorting the most potential recruits. Although it has several steps involved, the process is far more advanced than hiring of the wrong person for a particular job role. The wrong selection of person for a job is also a costly proposition for any given organization. The characteristics of the job description process involves, finding the skilled employees. The HR plan should specify the educational qualification and experience needed for a job. It is equally important to find the employees who can easily accustom themselves to the companys culture and engage with other employees thereby develop team spirit. The job requirement process often originates from hiring of employees as per the demography. The requirement may be based on hiring from minorit y communities or gender influence in recruitment process (Borman and Motowidlo, 2014) As per the modern research studies it is advisable for any company to select those employees who has a limited experience or academic achievements is more likely to stay within an organization and grow along with it. It is also crucial to ensure that the employees selected for the organization are trustworthy and a legal search is conducted for the same. (Schippmann, 2013). Specification of performance standard to be attained by the applicant According to Kehoe and Wright (2013), the job requirement processes needs to be further embellished with specification of the performance standards which need to be attained by the individual applicant. In order to study the various key performing areas related to specification of the performance it is important to discuss some the organizational key result areas (KRA) such as, performance potential in the market, innovation ability, organizational profile, successor rate in key jobs, organizational adaptability, absence due to illness staff turnover salary level and total payroll costs involved. The objective of the various KPI is to measure the strength of an organization; its vulnerability in terms of key competent areas, the challenges of the human resource organization in terms of key competencies. (Amin et al. 2014). Based on the aforementioned KRAs some of the key performance indicators for organizational success include: Market potential of the employees Turnover per employee Earnings per employee Performance dependant payroll share Administration and support salary cost Adaptation ability in an organization Investment in competence development with respect to the total cost. Absence due to illness percent Staff turnover percent Job Specification According to Delahaye (2015), Job specification is the set of essential component of a particular job, which incorporates summary of the job to be performed, minimum primary duties and various requirements necessary to perform the important functions related to the job. The category of job class specification states a group of similar positions that share common function, title, salary range and qualification. The employer enjoys the freedom of changing the job related duties. (Baigmohammadi et al. 2014). A job specification differs from a job description in various ways. A job specification denotes the qualification, corporate skills, training, and experience. The job description on the other hand describes the job title, Machinery to be used for production, summary details of the job and main duties that is to be assigned within the job. A sample copy of job specification sheet has been shown below with the diagram as follows: Figure 1 Source: (Specification 2015) Job advertisement According to Stredwick (2013), a job advertisement of any form is often known as recruitment communications used by the company itself or various recruitment agencies. A typical job advertisement features the details about job title in the heading along with job location. In online job advertisement sent through emails an explanatory subsection provided details about the company, including the name of the employer company. The advertisement also features description of the position details for the job along with the qualifications needed for job application. With the advent of digital technology companies are involving in publishing of the advertisements in various social media networks and online blogs. An example of job advertisement has been demonstrated below as flows: Figure 2 Source: (Schulz and van Leeuwen 2014) Nature of feedback to be provided to the applicants The feedbacks to the applicants are provided at the time when they are unsuccessful in an appointment process. It is often requested by the external applicants who are willing to know the reason for their disapproval in appointment and find out the ways in which they can look to improve their prospects when applying in the same organization in future. Feedback also assists in assessment of the internal candidates in order to understand the various grounds on which the promotion of the personnel has not been successful. It also determines the need for training for future applications. (Hendry, 2012). A sample copy of form showing an employment feedback and its nature has been shown below as follows: Figure 3 Source: (Bratton and Gold 2012) Improvement in the recruitment process The recruitment process is often known for several intricacies. In order to make the process more resilient, the human resource personnel should forward to take assistance from the top management so that the job profile which involves complexity can be easily sorted out. The process should ensure all steps taken for testing the candidates in order to get the best understanding of their real capabilities based on their resume. The candidates can be tested with many online testing platforms or case study analysis for situational understanding of a problem and solving the same. The various processes undergone on the interview process should be same for all the candidates in order to remove any form biasness in the selection procedure. The questions asked to the applicants should be customized and randomly set so that applicants cannot discuss the questions with those who are waiting for the interview. The overall interview process should emphasize the growth and bring about development among the young corporate who may poses all the necessary skill set required for a job. The young candidate shortlisted during the interview process has tremendous growth potential and may be posses all the skills required for a great candidate. Conclusion The report shows an extensive study on the job requirement objectives and the steps which needs to be taken by a human resource manager in determining the appropriate objectives. The various parameters stated under the key result areas are bet to the present industry practices. The formulation of the key performance indicators shows the various processes of assessing an employee potential and which can influence the performance of an organization in a positive way. The job specification description clearly states the process of specification and its importance in the recruitment process. The study also shows how the job specification differs from job description. The report also shows the importance of feedback form and how it can be used as an improvement tool for both internal process and external process of recruitment in an organization. The study shows how the job advertisement has a wider reach than before and the through ICT the entire process of job application can be simplif ied. The final section of the report states how the decision makers of an organization can be a crucial factor in the selection process. The importance of online testing of the employees has also been stated along with the importance of recruiting young applicants. This will ensure both increased productivity and cost saving for an organization. Reference List Amin, M., Khairuzzaman Wan Ismail, W., Zaleha Abdul Rasid, S. and Daverson Andrew Selemani, R., 2014. The impact of human resource management practices on performance: Evidence from a Public University. The TQM Journal, 26(2), pp.125-142. Baigmohammadi, F., Menati, R., Menati, W., Kassani, A., Faraji, M.H. and Sobhani Pour, A., 2014. The Effect of Job Specification Training on Knowledge about Job Qualifying Conditions in the Staff of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Sadra Medical Sciences Journal, 2(4 Oct). Borman, W.C. and Motowidlo, S.J., 2014. Organizational citizenship behavior and contextual performance: A special issue of human performance. Psychology Press. Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012. Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Delahaye, B., 2015. Human resource development. Tilde Publishing. Hendry, C., 2012. Human resource management. Routledge. Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management, 39(2), pp.366-391. Morrow Jr, J.R., Mood, D., Disch, J. and Kang, M., 2015. Measurement and Evaluation in Human Performance, 5E. Human Kinetics. Schippmann, J.S., 2013. Strategic job modeling: Working at the core of integrated human resources. Psychology Press. Schulz, W., Maas, I. and van Leeuwen, M.H., 2014. Employer's choiceSelection through job advertisements in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 36, pp.49-68. Specification, P., 2015. Role profile. Sage, 7, p.8. Stredwick, J., 2013. An introduction to human resource management. Routledge.

The Global Burden Of Disease Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Burden Of Disease. Answer: The global burden of disease is accumulating, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to deliver high quality and effective care to patients at present. For understanding the exact condition, there is a need of considering the age at death and the degree of disability (Fitzmaurice et al. 2017). The present discussion highlights the difference between disease and illness. It also critically analyses whether disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) is the correct measurement tool for the understanding burden of diseases. The two terms disease and illness are often used interchangeably; however, distinct differences are there between these two interlinked terms. While the disease is the identifiable condition that affects an organism, illness refers to the subjective negative experience coming with poor conditions of health. A disease is the abnormal condition that affects the individuals body and is to be referred to as a medical condition. It is more defined as a condition causing dysfunction, distress, pain and even death to the person. A person suffering from a disease would develop corresponding symptoms. On the other hand, illness is not to be considered as having symptoms as it is about the feelings of the patient. The discomfort or pain that the person experiences is the illness. It is a period of sickness affecting the mind and the body (Kassebaum et al. 2017). Pertinent literature indicates that an ageing population is the cause of rapidly increasing burden of diseases worldwide (Haagsma et al. 2016). As reported by World Health Organisation, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) across the population can be considered as a measurement of the gap generated between the present health status and the perfect health situation marked by the absence of disability and disease. It is expressed as the number of years lost due to disability, ill-health, or early death. It quantitatively measures the influence of diverse conditions and diseases on human life and well-being with the help of an amalgamation of mortality and morbidity estimates. Though the metric is being used widely, it is also criticised since it is partially useful for gaining information on the accurate health data. DALY is not effective in providing a measure for resource allocation since it does not account for the differences in the availability of resources. In addition, those governments do not focus on the contributions of the private sector while the determination of their impact on health conditions is done. The most pivotal issue is that since it attempts to direct funding as well as measure the diseases burden simultaneously, it is not able to achieve either of the goals. Separate metrices are required for need and burden. Further, a philosophical and ethical argument is put forward that the lives of those who are disabled are to be valued and respected equally to those who have no forms of disability. From the analysis, it can be concluded that there is a discreet difference between illness and disease and precisely, illness can be considered as the product of the disease. DALY has constantly been criticised for its failure to measure global disease burden. Further research is needed immediately to find resolutions to the issues arising in this context. Louis Pasteur had stated at the last stage of his life that the bug is nothing the terrain is everything. Reflecting on the germ theory and recanting it, he tried to explain the underlying cause of diseases and the approach that should be taken for treating a patient (Coelho 2017). In this section, an attempt is being made to explain what the meaning of this statement is in the context of infectious diseases. It highlights why people are considered as a more crucial factor instead of pathogens in seeking to come to terms with re-emerging infectious diseases. The underlying concept of the comment put forward by Pasteur is that prime importance is to be given to the body that is the environment for the germ while considering the disease condition. A disease is to be regarded as the condition in which there is an imbalance in the internal terrain of the body of the human. The rationale is that if the terrain is balanced, then there are no grounds for the germs to flourish. If the body is not in balance, then germs would survive. Any external agent that has the capability to alter the terrain leads to diseases through an imbalance in homeostasis. The body has a natural balancing mechanism that prevents diseases under normal conditions. Eight contextual attributes undermine the balance of a human body, and any imbalance in these makes the body susceptible to diseases. The conditions are poor nutrition, hypoventilation, malillumination, inactivity, electromagnetic pollution, environmental toxins, negative emotions and structural imbalance. The se factors have a direct connection with each other within the individuals terrain and have a profound influence on the cells, organs and overall body functioning. It is evident that germs are not to be solely held responsible for diseases. Instead, germs are the signs of the poor conditions of the terrain and are not the cause of the condition. Under conditions when the body is out of its balance, there is no scope of free flow of energy. As energy blockades are set up, disease conditions arise. Health, in true terms, is energy in a free-flowing condition without restriction (Sadigh 2013). Individuals are to be considered as proactive agents of health, having the ability to create a terrain in balance within itself. This can be emphasised by stating that when treatment is to be delivered to a human infected with a disease, the environment or context in which the germs have grown are to be altered instead of the germ itself. Individuals are to be made impervious to diseases and deleterious impacts of germs instead of focusing on how to prevent germs from infecting the body. A natural and practical way it is to think that good health is required for preventing diseases. If an individual lives with mental, spiritual, physical and social vitality, diseases can be kept at bay (Ayoade 2017). In conclusion, it can be stated that disease can be defined as the condition of the terrain. The focus must be on keeping a balance within the terrain and making it infertile for diseases when the goal is the prevention of diseases. People are to be seen as a more important factor rather than the pathogen in combatting re-emerging infectious diseases. Biopower is defined as the empowerment over other bodies through the explosion of diverse techniques so that control of populations is possible along with suppression of bodies. Customary regulations, health notions, habits, reproductive practices, and well-being are the direct examples of biopower (Cisney and Morar 2015). This section aims to explicate why the epidemiological establishments of disease risk groups are never neutral and are perceived to be biopower in action. With examples from the HIV epidemic, how designation of risk groups has re-inscribed moral distinctions born of understandings of sexuality developed during the colonial era is explained. Epidemiological classification of disease risk groups is determined with the aim of exerting an influence on the community from a positive approach. Risk factor stratification aims to control the arising public health issues and come up with comprehensive regulations. Individuals are put into respective groups depending on the degree of change that can be brought about in the society in relation to changes in health behaviour. Therefore there is no question of neutrality in such grouping since the objective is always to bring a profound transformation in the quality of health of individuals (Fhrer and Eichner 2015). In the contemporary era, biopower is the key for exercising sovereignty. The epidemiological maps or risk-group stratification of the population inform initiatives fo responding against disease epidemics such as that of HIV. The response that came up against the epidemic deployed a series of tools for identifying an managing individuals who were positive to HIV test. The intensification of the prevention efforts was evident as confessional technologies elicited testimonials. Yet as there was the availability of treatment option, the technologies and tools unintentionally triaged who would receive the treatment. The initiatives were considered to be the elementary practice of biopower, and more precisely a selective form. Further, the efforts that emerged had its concentration on particular populations- those tested positive for the disease, and those who were at high risk. This risk-group primarily formed of youth and sex workers. For managing the entire epidemic, this risk group was targeted at large. The colonial era gave rise to the notion that a certain section of the population is more involved in sexual acts, such as the sex workers, and this section is to be classified as the major at-risk group from HIV. HIV and chemoprophylaxis had garnered controversies as the result of the deployment in the risk groups of urban, male, gay, white and middle-class contexts. The broader necropolitical and biopolitical paradigms are wilfully ignored. The strategies taken in the recent HIV epidemic indicate that marketization of healthcare is biased and the pharmaceutical bondage of the so called risk groups (Cisney and Morar 2015). It is to be concluded that power is the means by which it is ensured, and life is sustained and in order. Epidemiological disease risk groups are based on the principles of biopower as the vision is to bring a change in the society for the betterment. Risk groups are at times based on the understanding of sexuality emerging from the colonial era. Structural violence is a way of explaining social arrangements putting populations and individuals at risk of harm. The arrangements are said to be structural since they are integrated into the economic and political organisation of the society, and they are said to be violent since they cause harm and injury (Biehl and Petryna 2013). The present discussion explains what is meant by the statement that economic and social inequalities are personified as differential vulnerability to disease and illness. Structural violence is the ferocity of inequality and injustice that is integrated into social structures and is supported by regular experiences and stale institutions. The structures refer to the legal, political, cultural, economic and religious arrangements and social relations. Such violence or social and economic inequality has been long discussed to be making a deep impact on the multiplicity of population health endpoints. Characteristics such as unequal distribution of income, employment, social status and education, as well as age, gender, or ethnicity have been indicated to make individuals vulnerable to poor health outcomes. The structures are violent and detrimental since the result of such practice is injury, illness and death. The magnitude of inequality varies and risk groups are considered based on this data. Further, the violence is reproduced by marginalisation of communities and restricting their agency and capabilities. Their dignity is assaulted, holding them ba ck from getting access to basic amenities of health care (Sodemann, Nielsen and Rehling 2016). Vulnerability and structural violence have an interrelationship and aspects such as poverty and deprivation from social support create a situation in which a person is not able to escape pain and difficulty, that is a vulnerability. Put in a simple form, the poor are more vulnerable to health hazards, natural catastrophes, economic down-turns, and violence that is man-made. Injury, illness and livelihood loss have a severe drastic impact on human life. There are a number of socioeconomic and racial groups in the United States among whom the rate of diseases and illnesses vary largely. The rate of incidence of these diseases do not vary solely depending on the biological factors but also depending on social and economic factors. For instance, heart disease is a common disease in the country, followed by diabetes and cancer. The risk factors include poor diet, obesity, use of alcohol, lack of access to health information and lack of medical care. Though some of these risk factors are known to be individual choices, most of them are socioeconomic factors, like education, income, environment and race. Individuals are coming from the lower socio-economic backdrop and minor communities, such as the Hispanic group, have poor educational attainment and thus are more likely to suffer diabetes, cancer and other diseases (Wolf, Gray and Fazel 2014). Coming to the end of the discussion it is clear that socioeconomic differences, more precisely structural violence, is the cause of widening health inequalities and poor health outcomes among the different population. As long as such violence is prevalent, it is difficult to bring equality in health conditions among individuals across communities. References Ayoade, S., 2017. Germ-terrain duality of sickness, equivalent of wave-particle duality of light for the biological sciences? Bechamp revisited.International Journal of Anatomical Variations,10(1). Biehl, J. and Petryna, A. eds., 2013.When people come first: critical studies in global health. Princeton University Press. Cisney, V.W. and Morar, N. eds., 2015.Biopower: Foucault and beyond. University of Chicago Press. Coelho, S.S., 2017. The Terrain Is Everything.Homopathic Links,30(01), pp.024-027. Fitzmaurice, C., Allen, C., Barber, R.M., Barregard, L., Bhutta, Z.A., Brenner, H., Dicker, D.J., Chimed-Orchir, O., Dandona, R., Dandona, L. and Fleming, T., 2017. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study.JAMA oncology,3(4), pp.524-548. Fhrer, A. and Eichner, F., 2015. Statistics and sovereignty: the workings of biopower in epidemiology.Global health action,8. Haagsma, J.A., Graetz, N., Bolliger, I., Naghavi, M., Higashi, H., Mullany, E.C., Abera, S.F., Abraham, J.P., Adofo, K., Alsharif, U. and Ameh, E.A., 2016. The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013.Injury prevention,22(1), pp.3-18. Kassebaum, N.J., Smith, A.G.C., Bernab, E., Fleming, T.D., Reynolds, A.E., Vos, T., Murray, C.J.L., Marcenes, W. and GBD 2015 Oral Health Collaborators, 2017. Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 19902015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors.Journal of Dental Research,96(4), pp.380-387. Sadigh, M.R., 2013. Development of the biopsychosocial model of medicine.Virtual Mentor,15(4), p.362. Sodemann, M., Nielsen, D. and Rehling, C., 2016, June. Imperfect models of patient empowerment, incapacitation and intrinsic structural violence in health care threaten equity in health and patient safety. InBook of Abstracts. EUPHAs 6th European Conference on Migrant and Ethnic Minority Health, Oslo, Norway(pp. 23-25). Wolf, A., Gray, R. and Fazel, S., 2014. Violence as a public health problem: an ecological study of 169 countries.Social Science Medicine,104, pp.220-227.

My Personal Theory free essay sample

My Personal Theory of Counseling Kristen Bellows University of Texas at San Antonio My Personal Theory of Counseling Perhaps nothing is as significant to the success of the therapeutic process and nothing represents the foundation of successful therapy more than ones personal theory of counseling. All individuals in all aspects of life work from some belief system, perspective, or model of how the world works, how things are, and how things interact. Developing a deep understanding of ones own personal theory leads to better decision-making with respect to the therapeutic process, including therapist approach and client interaction. Such an understanding also promotes a greater ability to intervene more effectively with clients whose values are in contrast to ones own. Being aware of ones own personal theory of the world and, subsequently, ones view of counseling, also helps the therapist identify individual strengths and areas for improvement. We will write a custom essay sample on My Personal Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The personal orientation of the therapist is a sum total of many influences such as interests, self-awareness, experience, values, and compassion for others, among many other things. Such influences have a direct impact on ones personal theory of counseling. For instance, my Christian upbringing, experiences, and beliefs have a significant impact on my personal view of the world and others and, therefore, also on my theory of counseling. My religious beliefs and values coincide with some therapeutic approaches and not others. In this paper I delve into my recent introspective and reflective explorations as well as the experiences and lessons I have learned throughout my life which has led me to embrace and adopt the particular theory of  counseling I believe suits me the most at this time. Of all the theories I have learned for the duration of this class, none has resonated with me as much as Existentialism. While I have a tremendous reverence for psychoanalysis and its focus on examining the causal factors behind one’s thoughts, feelings and behaviors i. e. one’s past/childhood, the unconscious, as well as its contribution of key concepts to counseling such as transference and countertransference, I am a bit unsettled by the deterministic and rigid view this approach takes of human nature. I connect much more deeply to the philosophies of  existentialism: the emphasis it places on an authentic and genuine encounter with clients, its recognition and respect for the client’s subjective world, trust in the capacity of the client to make positive decisions and the concepts it focuses on in counseling such as meaning, purpose, freedom, responsibility, choice, isolation, death concepts that relate to our mere existing in the world and the larger scheme of life. I tend to shy away from the theories such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, feminist therapy, and gestalt therapy, which are very technique-oriented, exercise-driven, directive in approach, and simply require too much action on the therapist’s behalf. I feel these theories do not allow much of the client’s pursuits and search for meaning in life to come through or at least, it is not the major focus of therapy. I do recognize that for some clients these other therapies may be useful, which is why I do not discredit nor dislike them; I just feel that they do not mesh with who I am personally and are not as inherent to my way of  being as much as the precepts of existentialism are. Personally, I hope to find out my purpose in life and contribute something meaningful to the world. Over the few months of self-reflection, I realize that I simply get great joy through serving others and helping them in any way I can. I am more concerned with creating a meaningful identity and relationships with others as I recognize the limits to my existence. I know that one day, I, as well as everyone else will die, and I therefore have a longing to make the most of my time on earth and the time spent with others filled with less conflict and more harmony and love. To me, love is the ultimate gift in this world, and I think it is one of the most powerful gifts that I possess and would like to share with everyone. I always believe there is something good to love in everyone and don’t believe in categorizing people as good or bad, healthy or unhealthy. I don’t believe that one’s existence is fixed or that people are tied to their  past. I think we are always re-creating ourselves and making sense of each moment of the life we live. Perhaps I relate so well to the concepts of existentialism also because it explores basic dimensions of the human condition, particularly death, which closely ties in with religion. Religion, namely that of the Baptist religion, has played a large role in my life. It has helped me make sense of life and been a moral compass in most regards. The parallel I see drawn between the Baptist religion and existentialism in terms of death occurs when I think about the Lenten season and something the priest says on Ash Wednesday: Remember man that thou art dust and unto dust thou shalt return. † This act reminds me of our mortality, similarly to how the existentialist perspective tries to allow us to grasp the inevitability of death. Death to me is not something I try to avoid thinking about. It is something that I am very aware of and has had a marked impact on my life. I am constantly seeking a life full of zest, meaning, and one that is filled with love and service to others. In this search, I have experienced the existential anxiety that comes from some of the inevitable conditions of simply being alive. That is, loneliness, finiteness and freedom of choice all bring up a certain amount of anxiety in me, yet I use this anxiety as reason to make changes in my life. After I graduated with my degree in psychology in 2003, I worked for a while in a school setting. Working in the school especially caused a lot of  anxiety in me because I constantly felt that I was not living up to my potential. I just felt as though the job I was doing was a means to no end. My view on work is that it should not be just a job, but rather a career, a lifestyle, something that you are proud to call your profession. It has helped me make sense of what I am called to do and given my life a purpose. I am happy with the path I am on right now. As an existentialist, therapy would also be structured around increasing a client’s self-awareness. This is important because we need to be aware of our capacities in order to exercise freedom and live as fully as possible. I would try to especially help clients take responsibility for  their lives instead of passively letting circumstances and external forces direct their future. I would try to point out how it would be an inauthentic way of living if one subsumes the role of a victim instead of exercising the freedom that they possess. I strongly believe that we can create and shape our lives and rise to the challenges that it may present us with. In saying all this, I would not take a directive stance in expressing these opinions, as in doing so, I would be making decisions and choices for the client that they might not choose to accept. I would rather challenge them to explore how they have been living in the past that has prompted them to seek therapy today and help them discover new ways of living that will lead to a change in their situation. A large part of therapy as well would include helping clients trust in themselves to find the answers, rather than look to others to direct them. Ultimately, we are alone. As cynical as it may sound, we did come into the world alone and we will die alone. We of course depend on our  human relationships with others and connecting with others is very important, however, we must be able to function as our own person firstly and form our own identity in order to relate healthily to others. One cannot rely all the time on others for the answers and depend upon them for their happiness. In therapy, when clients try to do the same of me as a therapist, in order to break this pattern, I would explain to them that there is no easy answer and that they alone have the capability to find the right answer. In therapy, I would also try to provide the space for clients to find meaning in their life by asking questions that help them explore whether or not they are content with their current life, and who they are becoming, as well as helping them establish values that they will need to adopt in order to live a life that is meaningful to them. I would also be sure to talk frankly about the reality of death. Ignoring the topic of death makes its presence even stronger than if one were to confront it. In doing this, that is, addressing a fear that seems overwhelming to explore, a client is also opened up to experiencing life in a more authentic way. Along with the goals of exploring anxiety, self-awareness, death, freedom and responsibility, and a meaningful life, the relationship between the client and me is of central prominence. Our therapeutic encounter will be the activator of positive change and it requires honesty and authenticity of me as well, in order to join the client in their subjective experience. I believe as a therapist, it will take a lot of courage, respect and faith in the client’s ability to grow and reach greater heights and it is important that I am fully present to the client in our  encounters. Although right now I am solely focusing on the existential approach to therapy, I believe that later on as I see a variety of clients, I may need to adapt certain interventions or  techniques from other theories that might be suitable for a particular client. However, I believe my main assumptions and goals for clients will remain in line with that of existentialism. The existential theory of counseling appears to be an appropriate theoretical base to use in counseling because it fits my style of counseling. It is supportive of the client finding meaning in life, which resolves the existential anxiety many people are feeling today. In addition the existential philosophy supports clients’ spiritual growth but likewise can be used with a secular approach as well. In the same way I would evaluate a client’s success on the basis of whether they have been able to find a purposeful existence through the discovery of their  strengths, their own freedom of choice etc. , is how I would evaluate myself personally and as a counselor. Can I live authentically? Can I create a life of meaning? Can I sit with ambivalence and anxiety? Can I make my own choices without having to depend on others? Can I face my fears rather than live a restricted existence? I do not have all the answers to these questions thus far, but they are important questions to me that I am always trying to answer. They are questions which I will probably always be asking myself as I re-evaluate and re-discover myself, but one thing I have realized thus far that is true for me, is that love is the highest goal to which I aspire. I wish to serve others and bring about change in others in counseling through this vessel. References Seligman, L. , Reichenberg, L. W. (2010). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Systems, Strategies, and Skills (3rd ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

How to Diagnose Toasted Skin Syndrome

How to Diagnose Toasted Skin Syndrome Toasted skin syndrome (erythema ab igne or EAI) has a few names associated with it, including hot water bottle rash, fire stains, laptop thigh, and grannys tartan. Luckily, although toasted skin syndrome is an ugly symptom, its not serious. Although it is not considered a burn, toasted skin syndrome is caused by prolonged or repeated skin exposure to heat or infrared radiation, whether mild or moderate. Specific causes may include hot water bottles or heating pads for pain relief, laptop computer exposure (such as on the battery or ventilation fan), and fireplaces. Other causes  have been due to car seat heaters, heated chairs and blankets, sauna belts, and everyday household appliances like space heaters or even the simple stove/oven. Diagnosis Diagnosing toasted skin syndrome is relatively easy. It can be diagnosed with two main points. First is the reticulated pattern of the discoloration, which should not be even. It is a mottled, sponge, or net-like pattern. Second, you should notice that it does not itch or hurt much, like moat rashes or skin injuries do. Mild itching and burning may occur temporarily but often fades.  If this diagnosis seems to meet what you are experiencing, then it is important to locate a heat source that the affected area of skin is often exposed to, and stop using it until your skin is healed. Who Is Most Likely to Have the Skin Symptom? Those treating themselves to some type of ailment, like a chronic backache, may be used to a repeated application of a heat source that may be causing this dermatologic issue. Toasted skin syndrome is also common amongst elderly individuals who may susceptible to  prolonged exposure to a heater, for example. There are also occupational hazards in various work environments depending on the profession. For example, silversmiths and jewelers have their faces exposed to the heat, while bakers and chefs have their arms bare. With laptop computers, the left thigh is most commonly affected. In fact, over 15 cases have been reported in 2012 where primarily 25-year-old women received the diagnosis. Thus, it is important to position the laptop in a safe place that doesnt touch the skin for too long, or at all, especially with powerful processors that reach high temperatures. Treatment There are several treatments available including medical options and physical modalities. Medically, the most important step is to eliminate the heat source immediately. For example, if you are using car heaters, turn off the heat entirely if you can; otherwise, lower the temperature as much as possible. Treating pain with over-the-counter pain relievers is important. Consider ibuprofen like Advil or Motrin, acetaminophen like Tylenol, or naproxen like Aleve. A topical therapy that includes  5-fluorouracil, tretinoin, and hydroquinone, is likely to work. Pure Aloe, Vitamin E, or walnut oil may also help with healing and pigmentation. Alternatively, there are also physical skin therapies available including laser therapy and photodynamic therapy. Medical help is especially important when there are signs of infection, increase pain, redness, swelling, fever, or oozing.  In this case,  antibiotics  and pain medication will likely be prescribed by a doctor. Individuals having the aforementioned issues with their diagnosis are encouraged to see their doctor or dermatologist. Otherwise, the skin should return to a normal condition in a few weeks.

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International trade - Essay Example Consequently, I would involve National Labor Regulation Act (NLRA) senior officials as external forces to help bring sanity in the negotiation process because Custer is a private sector organization and is therefore regulated by NLRA. I would advice union members not to report to duty and stay calm if Custer’s officials staged a lockout for a day. If union members were to go on strike and the court gives an injunction against the strike, I would appeal against the injunction and pursue the strike agenda until the members’ grievances are addressed by Custer officials. The major advantage of collective bargaining negotiation is that its multi-factor aspect necessitates furnished negotiation research that is important (Oraro 106). However, political nature of union officials may make collective bargaining negotiation a nightmare because union officials forget this political aspect thus embarrassing their members publicly. The real problem is the fact that union members have turned down the offer of salary reduction that would be followed by reinstatement of the current salary figure and a further three percent increment in their wages. I would use interest based bargaining technique to force union members to accept my offer. The advantage of this is that both the union and the employers could use separate factions to consider the dissimilar options that might be undertaken to address the matter at hand. The meetings can be held away from the public and thus advocate for options that had not been used before. The major disadvantage of this is the difficulty with which to determine if certain topics are compulsory bargaining topics that have to be discussed with the union (Oraro 113). A call for a strike by the union would disrupt work schedule and probably lead to poor financial results. Interest based bargaining does not mean that one party gives in to the demands of the other. This would consequentl y mean that the company must not

Politcal Science 240 Comparision Report Canada Essay

Politcal Science 240 Comparision Report Canada - Essay Example hough the Aboriginal people originally inhabited the country, the eastern region Canada was a French settlement for more than a century before the white man discovered it. In the late eighteenth and nineteenth century, the country received most of its immigrants from Britain and the United States where some of the people who settled from the US were called Loyalists since they were loyal to the interests of the British. By the late 1800, the country had a countrywide railway system that was able to transport settlers who had European origins and most of these settlers were the underprivileged or those running away from religious or political persecution. Nonetheless, particular groups of immigrants, such as the Jewish were subsequently denied entry into Canada during the consequent world wars as well as the Great Depression. However, since the late sixties, a greater part of the country has developed more tolerance in accepting more political refugees and immigrants from different countries all over the globe. Canada experienced a return of prosperity after World War Two as a result of the continued Liberal governments that allowed national policies to address social welfare such as universal health care, pensions for the older members of the population as well as for the veterans. The financial crisis associated with the Great Depression, along with the extensive corruption in the country, had resulted I the people of Newfoundland relinquishing responsible government 1n1934 making the country a crown colony under the rule of a British governor. Success was restored when the United States military came in with more than ten thousand soldiers together with massive investments in various bases. Popular sentiments started to favour the United States and this alarmed the Canadian government, which wanted the Newfoundland to enter into a confederation rather than joining the United States. In 1948, the people of Newfoundland were given three referendum choices by the

Business Legal Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Legal Structures - Essay Example The owner of the business is usually the person who runs the day-to-day activities and responsibilities of the business (Kuratko & Hodgetts 190). Accordingly, that one individual also owns all properties and assets of the business, and all the profits realized from the business operations. As such, these individuals are also responsible for all the debts or liabilities, as the law and the public views that individual as the same entity with the business (Miller & Jentz 530). Although it is looked upon as a business easy to run with several advantages, it has a number of disadvantages as well. The merits of sole proprietorship are that it is the least expensive type of business in both formation and organization, and the proprietor has total control over the business, thus allows business decision making according to their appropriation by the business law parameters (Miller & Hollowell 385). In addition, the owners receive all the profits from the business, no additional taxation, no business reporting to government agencies, and easy dissolution if so desired. Further, the owner of the business only has to secure the few legal requirements like tax identification number, necessary licenses, and certificates to start business operations. It is only this form of business operation where decision making is fast. This is because the owner does not need to make consultations as it is the case with other forms of business managements. The most significant demerit of sole proprietorship is that the proprietor has unlimited liability, and thus legally responsibility for all liabilities or debts of the business. Other disadvantages include the difficulty of selling or transferring part or all of the business resulting from the tax consequences associated with converting this from of business to a corporation or company (Miller & Jentz 532). In addition, the proprietor lacks financial support as enjoyed by other forms of legal structures, and the business risks failure on the incapacitation of the proprietor as all management responsibilities lies upon them. Again, the business has difficulties in attracting high-caliber employees, as well as deducting some employee benefits like medical insurance. If it happens that the business in its operation incurs a loss, the proprietor suffers it alone, with no one to share the liability with. Partnership The second form of business is partnership. A partnership is a form of business where ownership lays between two or more people. Similar to sole proprietorship, the laws does not recognize business partnerships as different entities from their owners (Laro & Pratt 88). There are, however, limited liabilities partnerships where the liability of the partner is limited to their share of investment in the business, though there must be at least one partner who remains liable (unlimited) for the debts of the business (Kuratko & Hodgetts 192). Nonetheless, the partners is required to have a legal agreement that stipulates how decisions concerning the business will be made, profit sharing, resolutions of disputes, admission of future

Community Planning Model for Sustainability

Community Planning Model for Sustainability Narrative In the West, Twentieth Century urban planning policies and rapid urbanisation; characterised by single use zoning; low density land use and car dependent communities; have often separated people from traditional community interaction. For many this individualistic existence can be perceived as dystopia. What if people were given the opportunity to respond to such dystopia assisted by the further development of cooperative community model that facilitated sustainable living and supportive mutual respect? What if an alternative means to live was promoted helped by the provision of flexible and supportive physical mixed use environment which was both accessible and beneficial to the whole community? It is arguable that true sustainability relates not only to the natural environment but also to the built environment and it has key economic and social community dimensions Brief Outline of User Requirements: Cohousing communities provide a developing physical, economic and social model to achieve such objectives outlined above. They are typically composed of mixed use flexible buildings containing private living space, economic activity and extensive common areas, which are owned, managed and maintained by the residents, providing an affordable, sustainable and community focused lifestyle. Facilities should include a range of communal facilities proportionate in size to the development including a large kitchen and dining room area, a laundry, offices and workshops with broadband access and a range of leisure facilities Communal outdoor spaces should provide attractive areas for social interaction. The buildings should be flexible and adaptive and encourage supportive cooperative behavior. The proposed buildings should seek to take maximum benefit from their town centre location and seek to achieve high environmental standards against the sustainability code. Close spatial relationship between work and residence and interaction economically with the neighbourhood and visitors to the city centre should be encouraged. This self-generative environment will enhance a socio-economic sustainability that can successfully adapt to the changing needs of the resident and wider community. Proposed Location: Fish Street is located in Leeds City Centre. It connects Kirkgate, King Edwards Street and Vicar Lane providing access to the boutique retail outlets in the Victorian Quarter of the City, The City Markets and Lower Briggate, all of which are major tourist attractions. INTRODUCTION THE GLOBAL PROBLEM Some sociologists such as Georg Simmeland Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies, have posed the theory that the anonymity of the city leads to a feeling of alienation (Hess, A, 2001) (Lucaccini, G, 2009). Twentieth century urban planning policies and rapid urbanisation; characterised by single use zoning; low density land use; large corporate business and car dependent communities; have served to separate people from traditional community interaction. For many this individualistic existence can be perceived as a dystopia. Furthermore, with 75 per cent of the 10 billion people expected to inhabit the planet by 2050 predicted to reside in urban centers this is a global issue that needs to be addressed (Ripplinger, S, 2009). The future shaping and wellbeing of cities requires the promotion and implementation of new models of flexible mixed use and adaptive buildings responding to and promoting cooperative, supportive and sustainable communities. LEEDS Scattered and isolated communities are no more apparent than in Leeds (Nuttgens, P, 1979). Over the course of the last century city residents have been driven from the City Centre and out into the suburbs leaving some urban areas neglected, unsafe and underused (Nuttgens, P, 1979) especially during times of economic decline such as that precipitated by the credit crunch. Although  £1.8 billion of major property development has been undertaken in Leeds over the last 10 years, this part of the City remains detached and aloof, and many city dwellers still face exclusion or separation from community support. Maxwell Hutchinsons assertion that Leeds is building the high rise slums of tomorrow theyre forgetting to build communities would appear particularly accurate, despite Leeds City Planning Policy that sets out to tackle social exclusion and foster better communities (BBC Inside Out Leeds Changing for the Better?) (Leeds City Council 2007, Sustainable Development in Leeds). HOW THE SITE STARTS TO RESOLVE THE PROBLEM The Fish Street area is deep within the commercially driven retail heart of Leeds City Centre. The site, having once accommodated thriving mixed use markets in the 19th Century, is now an unattractive backland space which for big brand retail outlets, is unappealing and limited in size and economic potential. However it is the ideal place to shape and develop a sustainable urban community which is accessible for all, inclusive and community focused. SITE (PHYSICAL CONTEXT) 1500 1556 SITE CHOICE 100 94 The reuse and repositioning of obsolete or underutilised buildings and sites is essential to revitalising Leeds City Centre and renewing blighted neighbourhoods and replacing them with more prosperous communities. Six such areas were analysed to identify the best opportunities to shape a sustainable urban community within Leeds City Centre and promote opportunity for investment, business enterprise and social interaction. The sites were analysed in terms of size, transport links, proximity to community essential amenities, foot fall, gathering and retreating, sense of entry and arrival, parking and orientation. THE SELECTED SITE? 100 109 The most suitable location was the Fish Street Area. This location benefits from excellent footfall, permeability and connectivity (See Right). It lies directly between the two main East-West pedestrian routes across the City Centre (Kirkgate and King Edwards Street) as well as the main North-South pedestrian and vehicular routes (Briggate and Vicar Lane). The Fish Street area is located in close proximity to the Victorian Boutique Retail Outlets, the City Markets and Briggate, all of which are major tourist attractions. Community essential amenities are plentiful as are transport facilities with major bus routes on Vicar Lane and Leeds Railway Station is a 5 minute walk away. SITE INFORMATION 150 144 The Fish Street area has a T alignment in terms of the street and building form. The site consists of three clusters of unattractive and under-utilised buildings including two storage facilities and two run down B grade commercial buildings one of which is advertised for redevelopment. The Fish Street area is generally used as a thoroughfare and a hair salon and two small cafes allow for some very limited community interaction. The area underperforms environmentally, socially and economically and presents a substantial opportunity for regeneration The sites total approximately 1030 sq m and have a street frontage of 100 m. A considerable proportion of the sites have a single frontage. There is a slight fall of approximately 700mm from West to East across the site over a distance of 41 metres (1:59) and from North to South it is relatively level. Assembly of the site may require compulsory purchase by the Local Authority under wellbeing powers. VISUAL SURVEY 100 87 Immediate and distant thresholds and views of the site have been investigated. The results are shown over the following pages. The Fish Street area is surrounded by a range of architectural building styles and materials (See Conservation: Limitations and Opportunities). However the red brick and ornate Victorian facades on King Edwards Street provide the best example of architectural consistency and are typical of the Victorian listed buildings in this area of Leeds. Care must be taken to respect the language and expression of these buildings especially in terms of colour, materials and where practicable scale and height in any redevelopment. Much of the site is however tucked away in its own context, providing some flexibility. IDENTIFICATION OF ANY EXISTING HAZARDS 300 242 GROUND CONDITIONS CONTAMINATION Fish Street lies adjacent to Briggate and Kirkgate, two of the oldest streets in Leeds dating back to 1207. The presence of former cellars, unconsolidated ground and foundations or structural relationships with adjoining buildings will be examined. The stability of adjoining buildings and any party wall issues will need to be assessed. Any risks associated with former coal mining will be examined. Middle and Lower Coal Measures are present across central Leeds. These deposits comprise a thick sequence of alternating bands of clays, shales, sandstone, mudstone and coal (LCC, 2001, Contaminated Land). HYDROLOGY The major surface watercourse within the Leeds area is the River Aire and Leeds Liverpool Canal. The Fish Street area is not within flood risk zones currently identified (LCC, 2007, Sustainable Drainage in Leeds) MANMADE HAZARDS Given the city centre location, the air quality and the noise and light pollution levels will be assessed and mitigation taken where necessary to meet environmental standards. Vicar Lane is a major vehicular route therefore road safety and air pollution must be considered. The location and availability of gas, electricity and broadband services and foul and surface water drains must also be determined through detailed surveys and consultation. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 350 283 CLIMATE In Leeds rainfall averages 600mm annually (metoffice.gov.uk). The predominant wind is from the South West with an average speed of 10 knots (windfinder.com). Though the project location is surrounded by large and frequent obstructions, funneling at ground level along Fish street, Kirkgate and King Edwards Street should be considered. The Fish Street area is approximately 36m above sea level. Air temperature averages 11 °C annually and a snow load of 0.6kn/m sq should be accommodated for in the design. Within the area a microclimate will moderate extremes. SUNLIGHT/DAYLIGHT At street level some overshadowing occurs, though the upper levels of the proposed development should be relatively open to sunlight subject to some flexibility in the heights relative to adjoining buildings. However, given the narrowness of the highways through the site and the single aspect of much of the sites, effective penetration of natural light into the buildings will be a major consideration. Any potential rights of light issues will be examined and negotiated. The Fish Street Area slopes gently Eastward and maximum environmental advantage will be taken of this aspect by the height and design of the new buildings. DESIGN FACTORS AND OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SITE 450 CONSERVATION The Fish Street area is located in conservation area 45A of Leeds City Centre. Numerous listed buildings line King Edwards Street and Vicar Lane. Appropriate consent will be necessary to enable demolition of the buildings in the scheme and the development proposals. Conservation and urban design policies are included in the Local Development Frame Work (LDF) and need to be taken into account. ARTICULATION, ORNAMENT AND MATERIALS Facade treatment; ratio of solid to void and detailing of facades should be designed to complement traditional proportioning, and materials should complement the existing range of brick and stone in terms of reflectivity, colour and texture. Rooflines should be staggered or otherwise broken to take account of changes in level and roofs should be pitched and punctuated by features such as dormers, chimneys or turrets where appropriate. SITE ACCESS Site accommodation for the contractor and site cabins, cranes and materials is limited and must be resolved. The minimum provision of lifts can be met through incorporation of walkways in the sky between the separate sites. As some of the buildings are single aspect they will back onto blank party walls of adjoining properties and so there will be issues of absence of light and views.Ventilation ducts that run horizontally to the roof and the use of solar chimneys must be considered. COMMON LAW RIGHTS There are also rights to light, rights of way and covenants and restrictive covenants that must be investigated. Ownership factors such as Highways Services way leaves and the Party Wall Act will affect the legalities of the development. Access for refuse, emergency services and deliveries must be catered for in the design. BRIEF 1500 1527 AN OUTLINE BRIEF 500 451 An innovative iconic inner city group of buildings is required to demonstrate a new form of regeneration post credit crunch. Urban development that is more sustainable, affordable and community focused will reshape Leeds City Centre (LCC, Leeds Sustainable Strategy, 2009). The development must be an attractive investment proposition for the tenant whom is able to live and work within a likeminded empathetic community that shares the benefits of shared resources and knowledge, in an environmentally friendly, non alienating environment. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE Mixed use driven out of the older back streets of Leeds, by big commercial business on Briggate and the Headrow etc. The Fish Street area is unattractive to big commercial retailers/business due to complexities of the site. Providing a community model which makes these spaces available to smaller business. COMMUNITY Research has shown that 65% of people have nobody with whom they can co-operate in their daily lives, 84% do not have close relationships with their neighbours and one in three people live alone (2006, National Lifestyle Preferences). Crime, antisocial behaviour, dirty streets, neglected open spaces, lighting and lack of facilities for young people have also been highlighted as the most concerning of social issues (2008, New Economics Foundation). The development must address the breakdown of community in urban centres. MANAGEMENT TENURE 100 92 The membership and outreach policy will be democratic, open and inclusive and will seek to develop close connections with the surrounding community. A process of recruiting founder members will take place as part of the design process to ensure their involvement in the design of the scheme. The development must be for a mixed-income, multigenerational demographic to ensure financial and community sustainability. OVERALL EXPECTATIONS/STATEMENTS ON THE QUALITY TO BE ACHIEVED 200 111 The development will create a beautiful living, working environment which will maximise green spaces, natural energy resources and areas for social interaction, maximising the potential of the upper floors and aspect of the separate building sites and the narrow urban space between the buildings. As a pilot scheme it will need to have good quality materials, finishes and fittings that reflect the statement being made and that are durable minimising future maintenance costs. Different levels of finish will be considered as appropriate especially in the workshop areas and retail areas. A DIAGRAMMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL AREAS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS 450 The creation of inter-junctions between interior/exterior and public/private space on a variety of scales accommodates various residential activities and will facilitate spontaneous social interactions. COMMUNAL ACCOMMODATION A communal-house will be at heart of the community and will include kitchen and dining space, a TV room, a crà ¨che and a multi-use room and will be a general use gathering space for the community. The entrance area must be both enticing and sheltered and should lead to or incorporate mail and coat functions. The communal house will have direct access to the roof terrace which will provide a real microclimate for the building, providing opportunities for food production, outdoor dining and recreational activities and a space to retreat. The kitchen must easily access innovative recycling and refuse facilities and be acoustically insulated and ventilated. Tables and equipment should be easily set up and removed and there must be two general use toilets. The crà ¨che must be accessible by the public to enable appropriate income generation and be visually connected to the kitchen. There will be separate spaces for different age groups such as babies, toddlers and teenagers. Storage, toilet and changing facilities, common house security (due to public access) and exterior play space are important considerations. Guest facilities should flank the communal house and have access to its facilities whilst being separated from the workshop and retail core of the development. PRIVATE ACCOMMODATION The cooperative will include a minimum of 6060 residential units to ensure the schemes economic viability. All residential units will meet Lifetime Homes, Homes Community Agency standards in terms of size and quality and seek to achieve Sustainable Code level 4. The buildings will house at least 138 people and 10 temporary paying guests in shared bedrooms and flats. The guest bedrooms and flats will be able to adapt and merge into a 3 bed dwelling or 5 bed dormitory. There should be at least 7 studios and 15 one bed and 20 two bed flats, half of which have an adjoining workshop. Living environments should be capable of being fully integrated with work and public spaces. All dwellings will have the ability to adapt and merge and subdivide to ensure flexibility for a changing demographic and community needs. The scheme will include at least 5 two bed flats which will have the capacity to merge with one bed flats to provide three bed dwellings. Lift facilities will be provided and the buildings will be connected at strategic levels. All units must easily access laundry, recycling and refuse services and communal accommodation. They will be located on elevated stories to provide a safe and audible separation from the street. SEMI-PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION At least 24 workshops will cater for those residents who choose not to have an adjoining workshop to their property. Workshop space may be used for stone, wood and metal work and therefore must be acoustically insulated and ventilated. Natural lighting should be incorporated where possible. Ceiling heights will be higher at ground floor level than standard residential room heights and for at least 50% of the workshop units overall. Crà ¨che PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION Trading space and small live/ work units allow residents to remain local for their work and shopping. Trading/retail court/units. Large spaces for e.g. architects, department store kind of space, small stall like space OTHER The buildings should include a cellar and also be capable of vertical extension in the future. A bike park and an innovative recycling and refuse facility will be located at ground floor level. The latter will be accessible to all and in particular will be linked to the communal kitchen and workshops.. It should be secure hidden from view but accessible to collection vehicles. SCHEDULE OF MAJOR AREAS OF ACCOMMODATION ANALYSIS OF THE BRIEF 900 1076 AIMS (ARE REALISTIC/ACHIEVABLE?) 100 63 The scheme will offer quality affordable housing accommodation that embraces cohousing principles with dedicated creative business and workshop space, removing the cost of commuting and fostering the entrepreneurial spirit of the City, creating a socio-economic sustainability that can successfully foster and adapt to the changing needs of the community. A LWBC creates a balance of community and privacy, by arranging private, self-sufficient homes around a communal house with shared resources. The narrow access ways between the site components lends itself to the principles of co housing schemes. The location is within walking distance of public transport and other community essential amenities such as food shops, restaurants, places of worship and cultural attractions. Assembly of the site would if necessary involve Compulsory Planning Order by the Local Authority under well being powers. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE A range of affordable workshops of different sizes and configurations allow for people who desire a better choice of where and how to live and work. Large commercial/office space will be rented to outside business and a number of small retail outlets and a trading court can be used by the residents or again rented to local creative businesses. COMMUNITY The scheme will encourage empathy for small business and enterprise within a highly interactive urban community. Tenants will live, work via the internet, manufacture, produce and sell on site. Based on the Danish co-housing model, community interaction is maximised through mixing private living space with shared facilities in a co-house. The benefits of the community include the creation of a traditional neighbourhood within a dense urban centre with safe environments onto which the residential units front and common values. There are particular benefits for children in terms of secure play space and shared activities with their peers. The multi generational LWBC is for creative professionals (including architects, artists, jewelers, potters, music producers etc) who choose to shape their business produce, within a fluid architecture that will change shape as their living needs change, shaping an ever evolving organic inner city community. The communal living concept builds upon established demand for similar projects around the UK including projects in Stroud, Lancaster, Lewes, Dorset, Sheffield, Bradford on Avon and London with at least 15 other prospective projects. MANAGEMENT TENURE (HOW IT WORKS?) 400 563 A partner Registered Social landlord (RSL) will be sought to oversee and support the development. A mixed tenure of units is proposed which may vary depending on market conditions. Approximately 25% of units will be owner occupied with units owned outright through long term fixed leases (called leasehold enfranchisement). Mortgage funding would be sought by such purchasers. The investor therefore benefits from any increases in property value should they decide to sell. Any profit from this element of the scheme will be used to cross-subsidise the rest. Approximately 50% of units will be social rented properties subsidised by the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA) Social Housing Association Grant at 50% of development cost the rest being funded from rental income operated through a fair rent common ownership cooperative. The land and dwellings will be owned by a registered co-operative which is controlled by its members who are those who lease the properties. The build cost will be financed by mortgage loans from long term investors (such as Ecology Building Society, the Cooperative Bank or Triodos or the Local Council through Prudential Borrowing or The Homes and Communities Agency), together with grants and deposits from members some of which are effectively retainers. The remaining 25% of properties will be a form of shared ownership. The land and build cost is financed by the mortgage loans and divided into equity shares that are bought by members through monthly payments. Members will need to pay a minimum deposit equal to 10% of the equity shares they can afford to finance through their monthly payments. 5% will be paid on joining and the other 5% when land is purchased. A credit check will ensure that potential members are able to repay the mortgage debt. The number of individual shares owned depends on the build cost of the individuals home and what is affordable (these are the number of shares which are financed by 35% of net income). The value of the equity shares owned by these households must not differ by more than (+ or -) 10% of the build cost. Members therefore secure a foothold on the housing ladder at lower household incomes and the correlation to average earnings helps reduce risk and retain affordability. Similar tenure models are evident in Norway OBOS (Oslo Buildings and Savings Co-operative) providing for 214,000 members, and in Sweden HSB Riskforbund provides for 375,000. Le Corbusiers, Unite dHabitation de Reze, in Nantes also follows a highly active co-ownership principle involving private and public tenants. TYPES OF UNITS PROPOSED There will be a range of residential unit sizes. 20% studios, 40% 1 bed and 40% 2 beds of which 10% will have the capacity to adapt into 3 bed dwellings. Members can therefore move between properties as they become available and as their housing needs change (See schedule of accommodation). All of the studio units and 50% of the 1 bed dwellings will have enlarged living quarters to enable home office working. Flexible workshops spaces will also be provided between some of the residential units that can be shared or sole used by adjoining tenants. 20 separate workshops will be provided for those tenants who choose not to live directly with their work place. Retail units and large commercial office space at ground floor level which will be rented on a commercial basis on the open market. An additional guest space associated with the communal facilities is provided on a rentable easy in and out basis with an appropriate retainer. DESIGN ISSUES 1500 EXISTING PROJECTS AND THE THEMES OF THE SOLUTIONS WHICH IDENTIFY THE ARCHITECTURAL QUALITIES 600 BOXLEY STREET, SILVERTOWN, EAST LONDON, ASH SAKULA 2004 This housing scheme involved the reconsideration of housing standards and regulations for the Peabody Trust. The enlarged circulation space renamed sorting zone is the focus point for communal activity, and the kitchen are the most important parts of the dwellings. The zone is a room in itself promoting use for many different functions and the kitchen is for living, meeting, playing and cooking. The only built-in cupboards are in the zone rather than in the bedrooms. This plan reverses typical spatial priorities providing more space in areas usually designed down to a minimum. The remaining rooms are reduced to a minimum size and can be used in a variety of ways including fro bedrooms or living space. KRAFTWERK 1 STUCHELI BUNZLI COURVOISIER ARCHITEKTEN, ZURICH HARDTURMSTRASSE 287, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND 2001 200 177 An inner city site in Zà ¼rich comprises of three buildings 5-9 storeys for Kraftwerk 1 housing cooperative which promotes living, working and living and social inclusion. It has sustainable objectives and is financed by commercial loans, investments from members and state assistance. These Suiten are intended to allow different forms of communal and co-living though a variety of communal and private spaces. The building blocks feature a large variety of flat sizes, ranging from 2.5 room flats to units with up to 13 rooms and from 31 m2 to 350 m2. They range from singles and families to communal groups of independent people. The range of unit sizes is facilitated by a repetitive constructional system of cross walls, which can be knocked through at points. The cross walls are spaced at the width of a typical residential room. This dimension allows an almost infinite range of potential layouts. The units have a central circulation and service core and it is also possible to insert private internal staircases between cross walls, to create two and three storey apartments. URBAN CENTRE COHOUSING COOP CANYON, DALLAS200 58 Designed by Standard for the Dallas Urban Re:Vision competition, Coop Canyon harvests enough rainwater, solar energy, and agriculture to completely sustain its 1,000 residents. The structure resembles a terraced canyon with housing units tucked into the canyon wall. On the canyon floor, community gardens allow residents to grow produce. The design exploits natural energy resources through a central atrium space. Excellent permeability and footfall across and through the site allow for community engagement with the retail and crà ¨che facilities. A communal facility with shared cooking and laundry and recreation facilities is a key part of the scheme as with all cohousing. This is located centrally on an immediate level so is easily accessed by all. ADAPTIVE LIVING 41-75 CONSORT ROAD, PECKHAM, LONDON 200 229 (Walter Menteth Architects 2007) Clear span floor construction across the width of individual residential units means internal partitions are non-load bearing and enable considerable flexibility in layout from the outset (Schneider T 2007 p 195) (See Figure X). Spans of up to 6.5 metres require steel/concrete beam and column frame construction. Party wall block-work/masonry walls can be used as the main load-bearing structure. Fin wall construction maintains considerable flexibility.

Piano by D. H. Lawrence Essay -- Piano D. H. Lawrence Essays

â€Å"Piano† by D. H. Lawrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem Piano, by D. H. Lawrence describes his memories of childhood. Hearing a woman singing takes him to the time when his mother played piano on Sunday evenings. In the present, this woman is singing and playing the piano with great passion. However, the passionate music is not affecting him, because he can only think about his childhood rather than the beauty of the music that exists in his actual space.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A woman is singing† softly to the speaker â€Å"in the dusk.† The speaker is describing the place he is at in the present moment. It’s partially dark, and a woman is singing to him. As he listens to the woman’s soft voice, he remembers the time when he was little. He says that it is taking him â€Å"back down the vista of years,† till he sees â€Å"a child sitting under the piano.† This child is the speaker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The child is â€Å"sitting under the piano, in the boom of the tingling strings,† and he is â€Å"pressing the small, poised feet of a mother who smiles as she sings.† When the speaker was a child, he used to be under the piano where the strings were tingling since his mother was playing the piano. He used to press his mother’s feet, which were in balance. His mother was singing with a smile on her face.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The speaker sees this scenery in his mind. As a reader, I can even imagine him standing in a dark room looking at a woman singing and imagining his old days with his mother. Using the picturesque words such as â€Å"softly,† â€Å"dusk...

Organizational Theory Essay

Why do large corporations tend to have larger ratios of clerical and administrative support staff? Why are they typically more formalized than small organizations? The clerical ratio increases because of the greater communication and reporting requirements needed as organizations grow larger. The professional staff ratio can increase due to the greater need for specialized skills in a larger corporation. As organizations increase in size, the administrative ratios declines and the ratios for other support groups will increase. Large corporations can have a wide range of functional specialties within the organization that perform multifaceted tasks and produce various products. For this reason, larger corporations are more formalized due to the complexity. Rules, procedures, controls and policy manual are needed in order to efficiently operate in a larger corporation. Large organizations rely on these rules and procedures to achieve and control the large number of employees and departments. Smaller organizations have simpler operations and a smaller number of employees which would not require detailed manuals or polices. The company may be so small that every employee physically sees each other every day and communicates on a regular basis. Question 7 Government organizations often seem more bureaucratic than for-profit organizations. Could this partly be the result of the type of control used in government organizations? Government organizations are more bureaucratic than for profit organizations because government organizations have a much larger number of clerical and administrative staff members. Considering that there are large numbers of groups in governmental organizations, bureaucracy is an effective way to minimize abuses of power and gain control. Bureaucracy also provides a systematic and rational way to organize and manage complex tasks that are too difficult to be understood and handled by few individuals. This is a great way to improve efficiency and effectiveness within governmental organizations.

Key Deer Essays - Deer, Mammals Of New Zealand, White-tailed Deer

Key Deer Essays - Deer, Mammals Of New Zealand, White-tailed Deer Key Deer The Key Deer is a small species (in population and in stature) of deer that lives in the Florida Keys. It is in the same family as the Virginia white tailed deer. The Key Deer is about 26 inches tall and weigh an average of about 55 pounds. The males have antlers, and the antlers grow in cycles. They drop their antlers at the beginning of spring, and they grow back by June. The deer feed on indigenous plants including the red mangrove, the black mangrove, and the white mangrove. The Key Deer can drink water with some salt in it, but needs fresh water to survive. Although it seems awkward, the Key Deer is a fairly good swimmer, and at times will swim from key to key. The Key Deer are endangered for two main reasons, the first and most detrimental is the loss of habitat. The Everglades has been cleared away for highways, and other commercial developments, and it has caused a huge drop in the population of Key Deer, among other animals. Another big reason why Key Deer have been disappearing are the highways in southern Florida. You have heard the expression like a deer in headlights, and it is used because when deer see headlights, it freezes. This, although it makes for a good simile, causes a lot of road kill accidents with Key Deer. The National Key Deer Refuge was opened to breed Key Deer, and since its opening, the population has increased by almost %600!!! Also, Ms. Riskin, please make sure that you do not feed any Key Deer, because it causes them to be comfortable around humans, which sounds nice, but it is part of the reason that they hang around near the highway. So, that just about sums it up; thanks for not feeding Key Deer, and keep your foot on those breaks. Bibliography Key Deer February, 2000 shadow.net/grgreen/glades/deer.html Kirkpatrick, Charles M. Deer The World Book Encyclopedia. Volume D, 1986 R., Austin. Key Deer February, 2000 miamisci.org/ecolinks/everglades/keydeerinfo.html

Thomas Becket Essay

Thomas Becket Essay Thomas Becket Essay PFC Moses English 4 10/25/11 Thomas Becket Thomas Becket, more commonly called Thomas of London, was born about the year 1118 in London. His mother was a native of Caen. His father, who camefrom a family of small Norman landowners, had been a citizen of Rouen, but migrated to London before the birth of Thomas, and was once the Sheriff of London. He ended his life though in straitened circumstances. Thomas still received an excellent education. Becket's administrative skills, his charm, intelligence and diplomacy propelled him forward. At the age of ten he was put in a school in Surrey with the canons of Merton priory. later he spent some time in the schools of London, and finally studied theology at Paris. In 1142, a family friend broght Thomas under the notice of Archbishop Theobald to Rome. He also took him to the council of Reims (1148). It seems to have been at some time betweent these dates that he visitited Bologna and Auxerre, and began those studies in the canon law in which he earned a small d egree for. He never made himself an expert jurist. In 1151 he was sent to Rome by the archbishop with instructions to dissuade the Curia from giving approval to the coronation (crowning of a sovereign or a sovereign's consort) Stphen's eldest son Eustace. It is said the Thomas distinguished himself by the ability with which he executed his job. In 1154 he was promoted to be archdeacon of Canterbury, after first taking deacon's orders. In the following year, Henry II, at his recommendation, bestowed on him the important offic of chancellor. Now Thomas controlled the issue of royal writs and the distribution of ecclesiastical patronage, but he had personal fascination upon a prince who was inexperienced, and 13-14 years younger. He became Henry's close friend and was included in all affairs of state. It had been the hope of Theobald that Becket's influence would be exercised to support the privileges which the Church had took from Stephen, but the Chancellor agreed with the in terests of the Church to those of his new master. Under his administration the Church was severely taxed for the prosecution of Henry's foregn wars; and the chancellor became subject to the reproach "of pluging his sword into the bowles of his mother." It was Thomas who organized the Toulouse campaign of 1159; even in the field he made himself suspicious by commanding a company of knights, directing the work of destruction, and supervising the conduct of the war after the king had withdrawn his presence from the camp. When there was war with France upon the Norman border, the chancellor acted as Henry's representative; and on one occasion engage in single combat and unhorsed a French knight of very high prestige. Later it fell to his part to arrang eth terms of peace with france. He discharged the duties of an envoy with equal magnficence, with which he made the treaty of May 1160, which put an end to the war. In 1162 he was transferred to a new place of action. Henry put on him the see of canterbury, left empty by the death of Theobald. This casued some talk, since Becket, at the time when it was made, was still a simple deacon. Becket, however, disappointed all the expectations. He did not allow himself to be made the king's tool; nor did he attempt to protect the Church by humoring the king in ordinary matters. he devoted himself to ascetic practices, confined himself to the society of churchmen, and resigned the chancellorship. Now he was on the worst terms with the king before a year had gone by. they came into another conflict at the council of Woodstok on July 1163, wehn Becket successfully opposed the king's proposal that a land-tax, known as the sheriff's aid, wich formed part of that official's slary, should then forward be paid into the Exchequer. It was fortunate for Becket's reputation that Henry punished him for his change of front by a systematic persecution in the forms of law. The archbishop was then able